Rare earth separations by selective borate crystallization. Low grade ores-smelt, leach or concentrate? Miner. Review and new life cycle assessment for rare earth production from bastnäsite, ion adsorption clays and lateritic monazite. Separation Hydrometallurgy of Rare Earth Elements (Springer, 2016).īailey, G. Pathways for greening the supply of rare earth elements in China. Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries. Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Rare earth elements: Mendeleev’s bane, modern marvels. An assessment of the environmental and economic impacts suggests a path towards 60–90% reductions in greenhouse gas emissions while offering substantial capital cost savings compared with liquid–liquid hydrometallurgy.Ĭheisson, T. The process conditions of sulfidation are provided for 56 elements and demonstrated for 15 of them. The physical and chemical differences between the sulfide and oxide compounds (for example, density, magnetic susceptibility and surface chemistry) can then be exploited for vastly improved separation compared with liquid–liquid methods 9. Several simple process levers (gas partial pressure, gas flowrate and carbon addition) are demonstrated to selectively sulfidize a target metal from a mixed metal-oxide feed. Here a metal-processing approach based on selective anion exchange is proposed. The similar electronic structure of these metals results in poor separation factors, necessitating immense energy, water and chemicals consumption 6, 7, 8. However, the extraction of d-block and f-block metals from mineral and recycled streams is thermodynamically difficult, typically requiring complete dissolution of the materials, followed by liquid–liquid separation using metal-ion complexing or chelating behaviour 4, 5. There is urgent, unprecedented demand for critical by-product and co-product metallic elements for the infrastructure (magnets, batteries, catalysts and electronics) needed to power society with renewable electricity 1, 2, 3.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |